References (Footrot Diagnosis)

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Alexander, T. M. (1962) The differential diagnosis of footrot in sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal, 38, 366-367. 

Anonymous (1990). Footrot Strategic Plan 1990, Sydney, NSW Farmers, NSW Agriculture and Fisheries, Australian Veterinary Association, Rural Lands Protection Boards, Stock and Station Agents Association and University of Sydney.

Beveridge, W. I. B. (1941). Foot-rot in Sheep: a Transmissible Disease due to Infection with Fusiformis nodosus (n.sp.). Studies on its Cause, Epidemiology and Control. Bulletin No. 40, Melbourne, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.

Buller, N. and Eamens, G. 2014. Ovine Footrot. Australian and New Zealand Standard Diagnostic Procedure [Online]. Available: http://www.scahls.org.au/Procedures/Documents/ANZSDP/Ovine%20Footrot%202014.pdf [Accessed August 2016].

Cheetham, B. F., Tanjung, L. R., Sutherland, M., Druitt, J., Green, G., Mcfarlane, J., Bailey, G. D., Seaman, J. T. and Katz, M. E. (2006) Improved diagnosis of virulent ovine footrot using the intA gene. Vet Microbiol, 116, 166-74. 

Claxton, P. D. (1986a) Elastase activities of ovine Bacteroides nodosus isolates. In: Stewart, D. J., Peterson, J. E., Mckern, N. M. & Emery, D. L. (eds.) Footrot in Ruminants. Proceedings of a Workshop, Melbourne 1985. Melbourne: CSIRO Division of Animal Health and Australian Wool Corporation. pp. 99-101

Claxton, P. D. (1986b) Serogrouping of Bacteroides nododus isolates. In: Stewart, D. J., Peterson, J. E., Mckern, N. M. & Emery, D. L. (eds.) Footrot in Ruminants. Proceedings of a Workshop, Melbourne 1985. Melbourne: CSIRO Division of Animal Health and Australian Wool Corporation. pp. 131-134

Claxton, P. D., Ribeiro, L. A. and Egerton, J. R. (1983) Classification of Bacteroides nodosus by agglutination tests. Australian Veterinary Journal, 60, 331-334. 

Depiazzi, L. J. and Richards, R. B. (1985) Motility in relation to virulence of Bacteroides nodosus. Vet Microbiol, 10, 107-16. 

Depiazzi, L. J., Richards, R. B., Henderson, J., Rood, J. I., Palmer, M. and Penhale, W. J. (1991) Characterisation of virulent and benign strains of Bacteroides nodosus. Veterinary Microbiology, 26, 151-160. 

Dhungyel, O. P., Hill, A. E., Dhand, N. K. and Whittington, R. J. (2013) Comparative study of the commonly used virulence tests for laboratory diagnosis of ovine footrot caused by Dichelobacter nodosus in Australia. Veterinary Microbiology, 162, 756-760. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.028

Dhungyel, O. P., Whittington, R. J. and Egerton, J. R. (2002) Serogroup specific single and multiplex PCR with pre-enrichment culture and immuno-magnetic bead capture for identifying strains of D. nodosus in sheep with footrot prior to vaccination. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 16, 285-96. 

Egerton, J. R. (1989a) Control and eradication of footrot at the farm level – the role of veterinarians. Proceedings: 19th Annual Seminar, Society of Sheep & Beef Cattle Veterinarians. New Zealand Veterinary Association.

Egerton, J. R. (1989b). Workshop: Footrot Eradication on NSW Properties, Camden, University of Sydney.

Egerton, J. R. and Parsonson, I. M. (1966) Isolation of Fusiformis nodosus from cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal, 42,425-429. 

Egerton, J. R. and Parsonson, I. M. (1969) Benign foot-rot – a specific interdigital dermatitis of sheep associated with infection by less proteolytic strains of Fusiformis nodosus. Australian Veterinary Journal, 45, 345-349. 

Egerton, J. R. and Roberts, D. S. (1971) Vaccination against ovine foot-rot. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 81, 179-185. 

Egerton, J. R., Roberts, D. S., Graham, N. P. H. and Parsonson, I. M. (1966) Ovine interdigital dermatitis and its relationship to foot-rot and foot abscess. Australian Veterinary Journal, 42, 440. 

Eggleston, G. (1992). Footrot Protected and Control Areas – Policy. AH Circular Number 92/3, Orange, NSW Agriculture Division of Animal Health.

Emery, D. L., Stewart, D. J. and Clark, B. L. (1984) The comparative susceptibility of five breeds of sheep to foot-rot. Australian Veterinary Journal, 61, 85-88. 

Frosth, S., Koenig, U., Nyman, A.-K., Pringle, M. and Aspan, A. (2015) Characterisation of Dichelobacter nodosus and detection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Treponema spp. in sheep with different clinical manifestations of footrot. Veterinary Microbiology, 179, 82-90. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.034

Hill, A. E., Dhungyel, O. P. and Whittington, R. J. (2010) Diagnostic sampling strategies for virulent ovine footrot: Simulating detection of Dichelobacter nodosus serogroups for bivalent vaccine formulation. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 95, 127-136. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.02.011

Kennan, R. M., Gilhuus, M., Frosth, S., Seemann, T., Dhungyel, O. P., Whittington, R. J., Boyce, J. D., Powell, D. R., Aspan, A., Jorgensen, H. J., Bulach, D. M. and Rood, J. I. (2014) Genomic Evidence for a Globally Distributed, Bimodal Population in the Ovine Footrot Pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus. Mbio, 5. ARTN e01821-14

10.1128/mBio.01821-14

Kortt, A. A., O’donnell, I. J., Stewart, D. J. and Clark, B. L. (1982) Activities and partial purification of extracellular proteases of Bacteroides nodosus from virulent and benign footrot. Aust J Biol Sci, 35, 481-9. 

Littlejohn, A. I. (1967) Footrot in sheep: some observations on epizootiology, economics and control. (Fusiformis nodosus infection). Veterinary Annual, 8, 71-84. 

Mcpherson, A. S., Dhungyel, O. P. and Whittington, R. J. (2017) Evaluation of genotypic and phenotypic protease virulence tests for Dichelobacter nodosus infection in sheep. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 55, 1313-1326. 10.1128/JCM.02403-16

Mcpherson, A. S., Dhungyel, O. P. and Whittington, R. J. (2018) Detection and serogrouping of Dichelobacter nodosusinfection by use of direct PCR from lesion swabs to support outbreak-specific vaccination for virulent footrot in sheep. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 56. 10.1128/JCM.01730-17

Palmer, M. A. (1993) A gelatin test to detect activity and stability of proteases produced by Dichelobacter (Bacteroides) nodosus. Veterinary Microbiology, 36, 113-22. 

Parsonson, I. M., Egerton, J. R. and Roberts, D. S. (1967) Ovine interdigital dermatitis. Journal of Comparative Pathology,77, 309-313. 

Richards, B. and Mitchell, R. (1993). Comments on Footrot Strategic Plan for NSW, Perth, Department of Agriculture Western Australia.

Seaman, J. (2007) Diagnosis of footrot. Biosecurity, compliance & Mine Safety Division, Procedure 2006/024. NSW Department of Primary Industries. 2007. http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/180795/footrot-diagnosis-proc-2006-024.pdf Accessed January 2014. 

Short, J. A., Thorley, C. M. and Walker, P. D. (1976) An electron microscope study of Bacteroides nodosus: ultrastructure of organisms from primary isolates and different colony types. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 40, 311-315. 

Skerman, T. M., Erasmuson, S. K. and Every, D. (1981) Differentiation of Bacteroides nodosus biotypes and colony variants in relation to their virulence and immunoprotective properties in sheep. Infection and Immunity, 32, 788-795. 

Stäuble, A., Steiner, A., Frey, J. and Kuhnert, P. (2014) Simultaneous Detection and Discrimination of Virulent and Benign Dichelobacter nodosus in Sheep of Flocks Affected by Foot Rot and in Clinically Healthy Flocks by Competitive Real-Time PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 52, 1228-1231. 10.1128/jcm.03485-13

Stewart, D. J. (1979) The role of elastase in the differentiation of Bacteroides nodosus infections in sheep and cattle. Research in Veterinary Science, 27, 99-105. 

Stewart, D. J., Clark, B. L. and Jarrett, R. G. (1982a) Observations on strains of Bacteroides nododus of intermediate virulence to sheep. Australian Advances in Veterinary Science. Sydney: Australian Veterinary Association. pp. 219-222

Stewart, D. J., Clark, B. L. and Jarrett, R. G. (1984) Differences between strains of Bacteroides nododus in their effects on the severity of foot-rot, bodyweight and wool growth in Merino sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal, 61, 348-352. 

Stewart, D. J., Clark, B. L., Peterson, J. E., Griffiths, D. A. and Smith, E. F. (1982b) Importance of pilus-associated antigen in Bacteroides nodosus vaccines. Research in Veterinary Science, 32, 140-147. 

Stewart, D. J. and Claxton, P. D. (1993) Ovine footrot. Clinical diagnosis and bacteriology. In: Corner, L. A. & Bagust, T. J. (eds.) Australian Standard Diagnostic Techniques for Animal Diseases. Melbourne: Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management Sub-committee on Animal Health Laboratory Standards, CSIRO. pp. 1-27

Stewart, D. J., Emery, D. L., Clark, B. L., Peterson, J. E., Iyer, H. and Jarrett, R. G. (1985) Differences between breeds of sheep in their responses to Bacteroides nodosus vaccines. Australian Veterinary Journal, 62, 116-120. 

Stewart, D. J., Peterson, J. E., Vaughan, J. A., Clark, B. L., Emery, D. L., Caldwell, J. B. and Kortt, A. A. (1986a) Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of benign, intermediate and virulent strains of Bacteroides nodosus. In: Stewart, D. J., Peterson, J. E., Mckern, N. M. & Emery, D. L. (eds.) Footrot in Ruminants. Proceedings of a Workshop, Melbourne 1985. Melbourne: CSIRO and Australian Wool Corporation. pp. 81-91

Stewart, D. J., Peterson, J. E., Vaughan, J. A., Clark, B. L., Emery, D. L., Caldwell, J. B. and Kortt, A. A. (1986b) The pathogenicity and cultural characteristics of virulent, intermediate and benign strains of Bacteroides nodosus causing ovine foot-rot. Australian Veterinary Journal, 63, 317-326. 

Thomas, J. H. (1962) The differential diagnosis of footrot in sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal, 38, 159-163.

Thorley, C. M. (1976) A simplified method for the isolation of Bacteroides nodosus from ovine foot rot and studies on its colony morphology and serology. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 40, 301-309. 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1976.tb04178.x

Whittington, R., Dhungyel, O. and Mcpherson, A. (2016) Diagnostic advances with ovine footrot. Proceedings of the Australian Sheep Veterinarians Conference, Dubbo. Dubbo: Australian Sheep Veterinarians. pp. 169-174

Whittington, R. J. and Nicholls, P. J. (1995) Grading the lesions of ovine footrot. Research in Veterinary Science, 58, 26-34. 

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